HOUSTON – (March 11, 2020) – One bayou meanders toward downtown Houston. The other runs in parallel to the south, much of it through a concrete channel.
Which is better at preventing floods? Researchers at Rice University’s Brown School of Engineering give the nod to nature.
In studying the evolution of flood plains based on Houston’s Buffalo and Brays bayous, the researchers associated with Rice’s Severe Storm Prediction, Education & Evacuation from Disasters Center determined Buffalo’s largely natural form has proven better at absorbing floodwater and preventing it from spilling over into heavily populated areas.
An open-access paper in the Journal of Flood Risk Management details Rice models that show how flood plains have evolved and will evolve over a 70-year span, up to 2040.
The team of Rice research scientist Andrew Juan, former graduate student Avantika Gori and associate research scientist Antonia Sebastian found that while the extent of the 10-year flood plain has remained relatively stable along both bayous, the 100-year flood plain (areas with a 1-in-100 chance of flooding during any given year) shows stark differences.
While the 100-year flood plain model along Buffalo Bayou remained mostly unchanged over the 70-year span, the researchers show recent and potential development along the already densely populated Brays has a significant impact on flooding.
Their models show that urban development in the Brays’ watershed, which they expect to grow by 29% from the 1970s through 2040, increased the 100-year flood plain from 10.5 square kilometers in the 1970s to 46.1 square kilometers in 2011. They predict it will rise to 73.3 kilometers in 2040.
“This is one of the major observations,” Juan said. “Hydrologists like to talk about streamflow, runoff volume and peak timing, but from a risk standpoint, flood plain extent is one of the performance metrics we should really pay attention to. In this case, we are seeing a huge difference in our model between the two neighboring watersheds.”
To some degree, he said, Buffalo Bayou’s relative superiority is due to forward-thinking individuals who, starting in the 1960s, protested “channelizing” the bayou as had been done at Brays. That has helped preserve the bayou’s natural drainage to contain normally heavy rains that are slower to reach the bayou. Furthermore, various groups have advocated to preserve Buffalo Bayou in its natural state and generally discouraged rampant development along the bayou, Juan said.
“It's not just about natural drainage,” he said. “It's also about keeping the setbacks from being developed. Removing people from flood-vulnerable areas is effective.”
The flood plains near Brays are of an entirely different character and have changed more significantly since 1970 than those along the Buffalo, Juan said.
“When you look at the number of residential parcels within the flood plains, the two are comparable in the 1970s,” he said. “However, you see a dramatic increase in 2011 for Brays, but not so much for Buffalo.”
The differences are evident at upstream and downstream watch points along Brays, to the west and east of the flood-prone Meyerland neighborhood, according to the study. Measurements at those points show both 10- and 100-year normalized peak flows nearly doubled between the 1970s and 2011, with larger peak flows occurring when heavy rains inundate the neighborhood.
The study only looked at rainwater runoff into the bayous and its impact on flooding. Minor contributions by underground pipelines, which are sufficient to handle 2- to 5-year floods, and the impact of Barker and Addicks reservoirs that were opened upstream of Buffalo Bayou in the aftermath of Hurricane Harvey, were not considered.
Juan said the researchers realize moving structures away from Brays is highly unlikely, but reconfiguring available open spaces and golf courses to serve as retention ponds when needed could help areas at the epicenter of flooding over the past decade, particularly Meyerland.
“The heavily invested Project Brays includes a number of channelization, detention and bridge modification projects,” he said. “It’s a multimillion-dollar project and it definitely has benefited the watershed as a whole. But on the flip side, it might have contributed to creating a false sense of security. It was supposed to protect the entire watershed from a 100-year flood, but flood damages from recent major storms have shown that it was insufficient.
“Maybe individual homeowners, residents, planners and other stakeholders need to be more proactive in exploring other mitigation strategies,” he said.
Sebastian is now an assistant professor of geological sciences at the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill. The study was supported by the Houston Endowment and the National Science Foundation.
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Read the open-access paper at https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/jfr3.12604.
Follow Rice News and Media Relations via Twitter @RiceUNews.
Related materials:
Accessibility and recovery assessment of Houston’s roadway network due to fluvial flooding during Hurricane Harvey: https://ascelibrary.org/doi/10.1061/%28ASCE%29NH.1527-6996.0000355
2015 Memorial Day flood impacts for changing watershed conditions in Houston: https://ascelibrary.org/doi/10.1061/%28ASCE%29NH.1527-6996.0000241
Severe Storm Prediction, Education & Evacuation from Disasters Center: https://www.sspeed.rice.edu/
Rice Civil and Environmental Engineering: https://cee.rice.edu
George R. Brown School of Engineering: https://engineering.rice.edu
Images for download:
https://news-network.rice.edu/news/files/2020/03/0316_BAYOUS-1-WEB.jpg
CAPTION: Buffalo Bayou. (Credit: Andrew Juan/Rice University)
https://news-network.rice.edu/news/files/2020/03/0316_BAYOUS-2-WEB.jpg
CAPTION: Brays Bayou. (Credit: Google Earth)
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