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David Ruth
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david@rice.edu

Mike Williams
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Rice U. scientists form flat tellurium

Two-dimensional element shows promise for solar cells and other optoelectronics

HOUSTON – (Oct. 26, 2018) – In the way things often happens in science, Amey Apte wasn’t looking for two-dimensional tellurium while experimenting with materials at Rice University. But there it was.

“It’s like I tried to find a penny and instead found a dollar,” he said.

Apte and his colleagues made tellurium, a rare metal, into a film less than a nanometer (one-billionth of a meter) thick by melting a powder of the element at high temperature and blowing the atoms onto a surface. He said the resulting material, tellurene, shows promise for next-generation, near-infrared solar cells and other optoelectronic applications that rely on the manipulation of light.

The slim jackpot is described in 2D Materials.

Ripples in a lattice of tellurium atoms formed into three-layer tellurene at Rice University show several polytypes – different atomic arrangements based on how the layers are stacked – with distinct electronic and optical properties. Courtesy of the Ajayan Research Group

“I was trying to grow a transition metal dichalcogenide, tungsten ditelluride, but because tungsten has a high melting point it was difficult,” said Apte, a graduate student in the Rice lab of materials scientist Pulickel Ajayan and co-lead author of the paper. “But I observed some other films that caught my interest.”

The other films turned out to be ultrathin crystals of pure tellurium. Further experiments led the researchers to create the new material in two forms: A large, consistent film about 6 nanometers thick that covered a centimeter-square surface, and a three-atomic-layer film that measured less than a nanometer thick.

Computer models created by scientists at the University of Southern California show the binding energies between atoms in tellurene synthesized at Rice University. The three layers in ultrathin tellurene are not perfectly aligned, giving the material metallic and semiconducting properties. Courtesy of the Ajayan Research Group

“Transition metal dichalcogenides are all the rage these days, but those are all compound 2D materials,” Ajayan said. “This material is a single element and shows as much structural richness and variety as a compound, so 2D tellurium is interesting from both a theoretical and experimental standpoint. Single element chalcogen layers of atomic thinness would be interesting but have not been studied much.”

Images taken with Rice’s powerful electron microscope showed the atomic layers had arranged themselves precisely as theory predicted, as graphene-like hexagonal sheets slightly offset to one another. The tellurene, made in a 650-degree Celsius (1,202-degree Fahrenheit) furnace by melting bulk tellurium powder, also appeared to be gently buckled in a way that subtly changes the relationships between the atoms on each layer.

“Because of that, we see different polytypes, which means the crystal structure of the material remains the same but the atomic arrangement can differ based on how the layers are stacked,” Apte said. “In this case, the three polytypes we see under the microscope match theoretically predicted structures and have completely different lattice arrangements that give each phase different properties.

“The in-plane anisotropy also means that the properties of optical absorption, transmission or electrical conductivity are going to be different in the two principal directions. For instance, tellurene can show electrical conduction up to three orders of magnitude higher than molybdenum disulfide, and it would be useful in optoelectronics.”

Thicker tellurium films were also made under vacuum at room temperature via pulsed laser deposition, which blasted atoms from bulk and allowed them to form a stable film on a magnesium oxide surface.

Tellurene could have topological properties with potential benefits for spintronics and magneto-electronics. “Tellurium atoms are much heavier than carbon,” Apte said. “They show a phenomenon called spin-orbit coupling, which is very weak in lighter elements, and allows for much more exotic physics like topological phases and quantum effects.”

Simulations of three-layer tellurene laid over a microscopic image of the material created at Rice University show the accuracy of how ripples in a sheet of the material would force the atoms into three distinct configurations. Though connected, these polytypes have different electronic and optical properties. Courtesy of the Ajayan Research Group

“The fascinating thing about tellurene that differentiates it from other 2D materials is its unique crystalline structure and high melting temperature,” said co-author Ajit Roy, materials scientist at the Air Force Research Laboratory at Wright-Patterson Air Force Base in Dayton, Ohio. “That enables us to expand the performance envelope of optoelectronics, thermoelectric and other thin film devices.”

Co-author Priya Vashishta, a professor of materials science at the University of Southern California, Los Angeles, said the research exemplifies how experiment and theory complement each other, a cornerstone of USC’s Materials Genome Innovation for Computational Software center, supported by the Department of Energy Office of Science’s Basic Energy Sciences.

Rice graduate student Elisabeth Blanco and University of Southern California postdoctoral researcher Aravind Krishnamoorthy is a co-lead author of the paper. Co-authors are postdoctoral researcher Sadegh Yazdi of Rice; Rice alumni Vidya Kochat of the Indian Institute of Science, Bengaluru, Chandra Sekhar Tiwary, an assistant professor at the Indian Institute of Technology, Kharagpur, and Emilie Ringe, a university lecturer at the University of Cambridge, England; Nicholas Glavin and Vikas Varshney of the Air Force Research Laboratory; and Hiroyuki Kumazoe, Fuyuki Shimojo, Rajiv Kalia and Aiichiro Nakano of the University of Southern California.

Ajayan is chair of Rice’s Department of Materials Science and NanoEngineering, the Benjamin M. and Mary Greenwood Anderson Professor in Engineering and a professor of chemistry.

The research was supported by the Department of Energy Office of Science, Basic Energy Sciences; the National Science Foundation; the Air Force Research Laboratory and the Air Force Office of Scientific Research.

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Read the abstract at http://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1088/2053-1583/aae7f6

Follow Rice News and Media Relations via Twitter @RiceUNews

Related materials:

Ajayan Research Group: http://ajayan.rice.edu

Rice Department of Materials Science and NanoEngineering: https://msne.rice.edu

George R. Brown School of Engineering: https://engineering.rice.edu

Images for download:

http://news.rice.edu/files/2018/10/1022_TELLURIUM-1-WEB-1py93ix.jpg

Ripples in a lattice of tellurium atoms formed into three-layer tellurene at Rice University show several polytypes – different atomic arrangements based on how the layers are stacked – with distinct electronic and optical properties. (Credit: Ajayan Research Group/Rice University)

http://news.rice.edu/files/2018/10/1022_TELLURIUM-2-WEB-25c7efp.jpg

Simulations of three-layer tellurene laid over a microscopic image of the material created at Rice University show the accuracy of how ripples in a sheet of the material would force the atoms into three distinct configurations. Though connected, these polytypes have different electronic and optical properties. (Credit: Ajayan Research Group/Rice University)

http://news.rice.edu/files/2018/10/1022_TELLURIUM-3-WEB-21m6ba2.jpg

Computer models created by scientists at the University of Southern California show the binding energies between atoms in tellurene synthesized at Rice University. The three layers in ultrathin tellurene are not perfectly aligned, giving the material metallic and semiconducting properties. (Credit: Ajayan Research Group/Rice University)

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